Don’t go with the base requirements of Building Code, we would recommend at least 6 inches below a heated slab in most parts of Canada, and even more in the colder regions. One final thought we would share – be careful not to get talked into installing an insufficient amount of insulation below the slab. Radiant heat is a very comfortable heat, so as you choose the more affordable fuel source and the system is properly designed to heat the space and the install cost is affordable, you will probably be happy with the results. Heated floors can be done with electric wires, hydronic tubes, but there is also one company that installs air-heated tubes in slab on grade foundations, powered either by electricity or gas. If you are planning on doing it yourself, watch some DIY videos and see which you find to be easier, here is our video of a hydronic tube installation, it is really quite easy but gets a little more complicated hooking up a manifold and boiler. An Ontario resident installing a radiant floor would probably choose hydronic with a gas boiler.Īs for install cost, you may find electric wire systems to be a bit cheaper, but get a quote for each to be sure. Quebec electricity rates are among the lowest, while Ontario rates are among the highest, for that reason very few people are currently installing electric heat sources in Ontario, but it is the most common heat source in Quebec. In-floor heating can be a wonderful way to add a bit of luxury to your home, and make chilly bathroom floors a thing of the past. Keep in mind that a boiler for a hydronic floor can be powered by either electricity or gas, so any difference in operational cost would be determined by your local gas and electricity rates. That means you can expect to pay anywhere from 450-700 for electric floor heating in a small to medium-sized bathroom to 9,000-20,000 to install floor heating to an entire 1,600 square foot home. Any form of electric resistance heat generation (heated floors, furnaces, hair dryers, kettles, baseboard heaters etc.) would cost the same on a ‘BTU per watt’ scale. It could turn out that the recent advances in traditional forced air heating systems, like high efficiency burners and multi-speed brushless fan motors, are just what the doctor ordered after all.Good question, but a tough one, so I’ll start with the easy part first - When powered by electricity there would be virtually no difference in operational cost between those two systems. The result is that electric radiant systems are best confined to specific rooms and used in conjunction with timers in order to avoid wasted energy.Īs always, discussing installation and operational considerations at the early stages is the best way to avoid disappointment and deliver the heating, cooling and ventilation best suited to your client. Electrical costs vary across the country (Heaven help Ontario residents!) but suffice it to say that electricity is expensive, far more than natural gas on a net BTU basis. Secondly, there are the operating costs of electric. A Niagara Falls area contractor was fined over $530,000 for improper installation and failure to have an inspection performed on an electrical radiant floor heating system that resulted in second and third degree burns to an elderly homeowner after he was stranded on the floor after a fall. First, the installation must be done professionally and properly. A heated bathroom floor underfoot in the morning or an entrance hall that keeps footwear warm can be very popular. How about electric floor heating? Certainly the products available on the market allow for much simpler installation, particularly in retrofit applications. Because of this, if you have a garage with a high ceiling, you can experience a big cost savings on your heating bill by using a radiant system. Great if you’re in Quebec, not so great if you aren’t. However, unless the renovation is a near-total gut job and the customer is prepared to tear up the existing floor to install, even temporarily, a radiant floor system may be financially out of the question and structurally impractical.Įlectricity cost vary greatly across Canada and the USA. The good news is that in a new-build home, the homeowner has a blank slate with which to work, and therefore the options are far greater than with a retrofit or renovation. Air cannot hold large amounts of heat, so radiant air floors are not cost-effective in residential. Good news for new-builds not so good for renovators The average cost to install radiant floor heating is 5.80 to 8.85 per square foot for a hydronic system including a boiler. However, radiant floor heating may not be suitable in all situations. And as a bonus for dust and allergy sufferers, radiant systems offer relief from air-born irritants. Some even claim radiant is as much as 25% more energy efficient than the standard HVAC system. It operates silently, delivering a continuous, all-encompassing heat to every corner of the home with an efficiency that stop-and-start forced air systems cannot match. Radiant floor tubing, installed over a new sub floor, insulated with foam boardĬertainly radiant floor heating is popular.
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Notice again that the ethoxy group has no priority over the methyl and bromide, and they are all added as substituents in alphabetical order. So 1-methyl, you have a methyl group right there on that first carbon. Now, considering this, let’s name the following ether with alkyl and halide substituents: The OR group, on the other hand, has no priority and is added as a prefix in alphabetical order. The OH group has the highest priority and the parent chain is altered from “ane” to “ol”. This means that, just like alkyl groups and halides, they are only treated as substituents and therefore, they do not change the suffix of the parent chain.įor example, let’s compare the effects of the OH and OR groups on naming structurally similar compounds: It is important to mention that alkoxy groups do not rank in the priority chart of the functional groups. The parent chain is determined just like we always do, based on the longest carbon chain. Use this tool to either convert drawn chemical structures into IUPAC names or to create the chemical structure from the written IUPAC name. However, more important than calculating the absolute value of this error is to determine its relative value: Relative error (108-105) 108 0.0277 That when expressed as a percentage, we have 2.77. The idea here is to treat one of the alkoxy (alkyl with the oxygen) groups as a substituent connected to a parent chain. We are faced with a systematic error if by repeating the fish count we obtain 105 fish over and over again. The systematic nomenclature is used for ethers with complex substituents. If the groups are identical – symmetrical ethers, the prefix “di” is added. different alkyl groups are bridged with the oxygen. The molecules above are examples of unsymmetrical ethers i.e. To do this, we first identify the alkyl groups and arrange them in alphabetical order followed by the word “ether”. 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Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. In the salt sodium carbonate, Na 2CO 3, two sodium cations are needed to neutralize each carbonate anion, CO 3 −2, because its charge is twice that of the sodium ion. In common table salt, or sodium chloride, NaCl, the sodium cations, Na +, are neutralized by chlorine anions, Cl −. Since ordinary matter is electrically neutral, ions normally exist as groups of cations and anions such that the sum total of positive and negative charges is zero. If an atom or group gains electrons or loses protons, it will have a net negative charge and is called an anion. If an atom or group loses electrons or gains protons, it will have a net positive charge and is called a cation. A simple ion consists of only one charged atom a complex ion consists of an aggregate of atoms with a net charge. Since the electron and proton have equal but opposite unit charges, the charge of an ion is always expressed as a whole number of unit charges and is either positive or negative. The results are important for understanding and optimizing electrochemical processes, for example for technological applications such as solar cell or fuel cell technologies.A neutral atom or group of atoms becomes an ion by gaining or losing one or more electrons or protons. "The method and the results can now be used to investigate the crucial role of water in other interfacial processes, for example at semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces," says Martina Havenith. The scientists confirmed the results with the help of complex computer simulations. The team was able to attribute these differences to the behavior of the water networks at the interface. For the negatively charged chloride ions, this only happened at a higher applied voltage. The hydration shell of the positively charged ions was already detached at small applied voltages and the sodium ion was attracted to the electrode. A negatively charged ion, which has more electrons in its electron shells than it has protons in its nuclei, is known as an anion, for it is attracted to. The researchers found that the hydration shells of sodium and chloride ions behaved differently in the electrochemical double layer. "It was astonishing for us to see that the process runs differently for positive and negative charges," sums up Professor Martina Havenith, spokesperson of RESOLV.Īsymmetric detachment of the hydration shell This is essential to understand how the total energy changes in the process. The researchers also showed for the first time how the water networks on the charged gold surface change. Terahertz spectroscopy makes it possible to follow the stripping of the hydration shell live. Anions (negatively charged ions) What would be the name for Li (4) Lithium ion How do you name a cation Name of element and 'ion' after Density is a physical property that does not exhibit periodicity. For this purpose, the researchers investigated the electrochemical double layer that forms in a NaCl solution in the immediate vicinity of a gold surface at the SOLEIL synchrotron in Paris. This is exactly what the scientists succeeded in doing in the current study with terahertz spectroscopy, which they combined with simulations. Observing chemical processes on a molecular level while a voltage is applied is a special experimental challenge. Observation during the process is difficult They also checked whether the process is identical when negative or positive voltages are alternately applied. In the present work, the researchers from Bochum, Berkeley and Paris investigated whether it is also correct at the molecular level. This simple picture explains how a battery works. According to chemistry textbooks, the following happens when a voltage is applied: the attraction between the electrode and the ions strips off the water shell and a charge transfer, a current, occurs. A positive and a negative charge layer are opposite each other, which is why this layer is also called an electrochemical double layer. A layer of charge carriers forms in the immediate vicinity of the electrical boundary layer between the electrode and water. Due to the electrical attraction between the ions and the water molecules, a shell of water molecules forms around the individual ions-a so-called hydration shell that is stable in the solution. (a) What is an ion Explain with examples. For example, when sodium chloride (NaCl) is dissolved in water, the positively charged sodium ions and the negatively charged chloride ions separate and can move freely in the solution. The positively charged ions are called Cations and negatively charged ions are called Anions. Electrochemical double layer between electrolyte and solid interfaceĮlectrolytes are chemical compounds in which separate ions occur. Subscription(s) are required to access certain content. Virtual remote is available through the Google TV app for Android and iOS. To see personal photos, Google Photos required.Ĭasting optimized for selected services only. To view content in 4K, a 4K-capable TV and reliable broadband internet connection are also required.Īccess to the Google TV kids section requires that your child have either a Google account or profile managed with Family Link. Minimum OS requirements are available at g.co/cast/req. To access or edit your watchlist you must be signed into your Google Account.Ĭhromecast with Google TV requires a TV with an HDMI port, a Wi-Fi network, a Google Account, a nearby electrical outlet, and a compatible mobile device. Turn your smartphone into a wireless universal remote control with the Unified Remote App. Subscription(s) required to access certain live TV content. Live TV recommendations available in the US only. Some apps and/or content may not be available in all countries. Some features and availability may vary by OEM and/or device manufacturer. Some features and devices may not be available in all countries. To access Google TV and its features, a Google account, internet connection and a compatible streaming device, smart TV, or smartphone is required. You can work with Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents through the remote access feature.✜ompatible smart device(s) and an internet connection is required to access smart home features. Office 365 is a feature based on the cloud-based TV browser service and allows you to access MS Office 365 web pages. Now you are connected to your TV Office 365 You will be presented with a list of available devices and you need to select the TV you want to connect to.You need to find “Control Center” or “Device”.On your desktop, open the notification of the taskbar.Next, on the PC, allow remote connections and. Connect your TV and PC to the same Wi-Fi network First, turn on the TV and go to Smart Hub > Source > Remote Access > Remote PC > User > Add.This feature works only with Windows 10 Professional or later versions. Screen Sharing allows you to display the PC screen on the TV and vice versa. Universal Remote Control Compatible for Samsung Smart-TV LCD LED UHD QLED 4K HDR TVs, with Netflix, Prime Video Buttons 13. Go to the “System” menu on your PC control panel.Turn on the remote desktop setting on your PC.Turn on the “Allow Remote Control” setting on your PC.Enter the user name, password, and IP address of your PC.From the “Remote Access” menu bar, select “Remote PC”.From the “Smart Hub” menu, select “Source”, and then select “Remote Access”.If you have MAC, you must have MAC OSX 10.5 or later with VNC (Virtual Network Computing for Mac). To use this feature, your PC must have Windows 7 Professional or later. You must connect a keyboard and mouse to the TV before connecting to your PC. To use this method, you need to know your PC IP username and password. This feature allows you to remotely control your PC over an IP network using your Smart TV. Now let’s look at them in more detail Remote PC You can connect your Windows 10 PC to Samsung TVs with Remote Access (versions 2019 and later) in 3 ways: How to use remote access to connect your PC to the TV In fact, you can make your TV almost a complete PC. You can connect these devices via wire or Bluetooth. Once connected, you can use your device to control the content on the screen.Ī great solution is to connect your keyboard and mouse to your TV. You can display games, apps, and more on your TV in the same Wi-Fi network using smartphones and tablets, or PCs. With Remote Access, you can connect PCs, smartphones, and tablets wirelessly to select Samsung Smart TVs. In addition to remote access to your PC and screen display, you can access MS Office 365 directly and work with documents on the TV screen. However, you can greatly expand the functionality of your TV by turning it into your home PC. CPU performance is now up to 50 percent faster than the previous generation, delivering. At the heart of the new Apple TV 4K is A15 Bionic, making the device even more powerful and energy efficient. Every year the functionality of televisions becomes more and more diverse. The next generation of Apple TV 4K is an entertainment powerhouse, bringing the best video and audio capabilities to the biggest screen in the home. Of course, the PS2 went on to become the best-selling gaming console ever, with more than 155 million consoles sold. In its first year, Sony still sold an impressive 3 million consoles in Japan alone the Switch only slightly edges it out from the perspective of raw numbers. Sony later attributed this to a production shortage, however, which limited the PS2’s holiday season potential. Meanwhile, PlayStation 2 sales plateaued midway through its first year, failing to reach its first-month heights again by 2000’s end. Likely benefiting from the huge release of Super Mario Odyssey, Nintendo moved almost twice as many Switch consoles in October than the month prior, and the number has only grown from there. But while the Switch sold an impressive 520,000 units in its first month, the PS2 blasted it away: Sony sold almost 900,000 consoles in March 2000 alone, according to Famitsu data.īut the Switch has picked up speed over the holiday season, with the chart pointing toward October as a major turning point. Both consoles launched in early March, not typically a crowded time for new releases. Based on the most recent cumulative sales data from Famitsu, the country’s biggest gaming publication, Nintendo has now sold just under 3.3 million Switch consoles in its homeland - both edging out PlayStation 2’s first-year sales numbers and matching Wii U’s lifetime sales to date.Ĭomparing PlayStation 2 and Nintendo Switch’s first 12 months on the market paint an interesting picture, as helpfully shown by a table from fan site Nintendo Soup. Nintendo Switch has had a huge December over in Japan, with nearly 900,000 systems sold by Dec. It contains organized compartments to keep all of the supplies easily accessible. The bag is water resistant and all inner items are protected from water in durable laminate pouches. This kit comes with 200 essential basic life-saving items for your Truck or Boat with additional space to add your own items. Forget about flimsy plastic containers that break when under pressure, invest in a soft shell first aid kit that is rugged, robust and portable. 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This is useful for presentations and hiding notes from the participants. Gallery or speaker view can be displayed on one monitor while the other monitor displays shared content. The largest collection of dual-monitor backgrounds on the Web.Ī huge collection of dual-screen wallpapers: 2560×1024, 1920×1600, 1680×1050, 1440×900, 1280×800.Ī huge archive of dual-screen wallpapers.Īmazing collection of professional wallpapers for all resolutions: HDTV, dual-screen, widescreen, PSP, iPod, 2560×1600, 1920×1200, 1680×1050, 1440×900, 1280×800, 1600×1200, 1280×960, 1024×768, 2560×1024.The dual-monitor display feature allows the video layout and screen share content to be placed on two separate monitors/screens. Although a small collection, the wallpapers are free for personal use. Dell Dual Monitor 6th Gen Desktop Full Setup - Intel Core i3 8GB RAM 1TB HDD Windows 10 - 22' LCD Monitors 399.99 349. Members have unrestricted access to the entire collection of 3D wallpapers, which have been created over the last 10 years. High-resolution, original 3D-rendered computer desktop wallpapers. Objective: The effects of performing a 90-minute computer task with a laptop versus a dual monitor desktop workstation were investigated in healthy young. Wire channel and modesty panel nicely hide a multitude of wires. The sloped front ergo edge offers wrist comfort. Three wallpapers, the one for the left monitor (up to 2560×1600), the one for the middle monitor (up to 2560×1600px) and the one for the right monitor (up to 2560×1600).Ī collection of thousands of beautiful wallpapers for widescreens, HDTV, dual-screen monitors, triple-screen monitors and mobile devices. This sleek contemporary desk was designed to fit perfectly under stairs, provide the maximum amount of work area and accommodate dual monitors. Over 60 game-related wallpapers in the resolution 3200×1200px.Ģ3 fantasy dual screen wallpapers in resolutions up to 2560×1024px. Two wallpapers, the one for the left monitor (up to 2560×1600), the one for the right monitor (up to 2560×1600).įull Screen, Wide Screen, from 1024×768 up to 2560×1600px.Ĥ8 world panoramas in resolutions up to 2560×1024px. Two wallpapers, the one for the left monitor (up to 2560×1600) and the one for the right monitor (up to 2560×1600). You can find even more excellent wallpapers at the sources themselves.ĭual screen wallpaper: the one for the left monitor (up to 2560×1600), the one for the right monitor (up to 2560×1600).Ĥ0 nature-related dual screen wallpapers in resolutions up to 2880×900px. Each screenshot is clickable and linked to its source. Browse the top-ranked list of desktop computers with dual monitor capabilities below along with associated reviews and opinions. You can also upload and share your favorite desktop Dual Monitor 3840x1080 wallpapers. If you're a multitasker, a desktop computer with dual monitor capability will make your life easier. In this post, we present 70 beautiful dual screen desktop wallpapers, collected from around the Web. Tons of awesome desktop Dual Monitor 3840x1080 wallpapers to download for free. box '1' corresponds with the left monitor and box '2' corresponds with the right monitor). At the top of the resulting dialogue box, your available monitors appear as blue, numbered boxes. We presented hundreds of fullscreen and widescreen wallpapers in our previous selections however, we did not cover dual screen wallpapers so far. Right-click on your desktop and select 'Display'. 100 Creepy Hand-Picked Horror Wallpapers.Everything you need is going to be right there in front of you. Having two monitors is going to transform your ability to focus. And that’s better for your productivity and your sanity. Fantastic Wallpapers That Will Blow Your Desktop Away Dual monitor setups give you double the desktop space and reduce on-screen clutter.Dual displays are highly suitable for Web designers, Web developers and graphic designers and they are rapidly gaining on popularity in last years. They allow you to separate everything, organize and work efficiently. Dual displays are highly suitable for Web designers, Web developers and graphic designers and they are rapidly gaining on popularity in last years.ĭual displays come in handy when you are working on several projects at the same time. Dual displays come in handy when you are working on several projects at the same time. In August 2004, Steve Coast, back then a physics student at UCL, came up with an initiative to create free, editable maps of UK. Like most many things, OpenStreetMap started small. And, even Google with huge investments, cannot match the scale and the power local knowledge of the OSM community. Also, most of the time they only capable of publishing results on a particular schedule and cannot do it every second, as OSM does. Businesses are bound to mapping data that are profitable to sell. This would not be possible with any existing commercial provider. OpenStreetMap volunteers mapping Haiti after 2010 earthquake And when you contribute to Google Maps - well, all changes you make belong to Google, and it is up to Google to decide who and how can use that data. The main difference is - if you contribute to OSM, data belong to you and OSM community, and stay free and open for everybody, under creative commons license. The company introduced Google Map Maker, with familiar OSM-like interface, to allow people around the world to contribute. In fact, OpenStreetMap became so successful that Google had to play a "catch-up" game. No long formalities, no expensive licenses or equipment - anyone with a computer and Internet access could join and start making the world better.įirst 10 years of OpenStreetMap mapping progress It helped to demystify cartography and geography as a science and has given everyone the possibility and tools needed to contribute. OpenStreetMap managed to disrupt the industry and change all of that in just a few years. Most of the time, they were not in a position to know how well data they map reflecting the reality, to validate and timely update them. Mapping itself was done primarily by the teams of GIS specialists. Back then map data were controlled by commercial organizations and governments, hard to use and expensive to buy. OpenStreetMap project was started in 2004. And as Facebook, Uber, Microsoft and thousands of others are utilizing OSM data in their products, almost anyone can be counted as OSM user, direct or indirect. In 2019, OpenStreetMap with its more than 5 000 000 members and more than than 1 200 000 contributors is clearly the biggest and most successful crowd-sourced mapping project in human history. Driving route from Berlin to Potsdam, Germany, calculated on OSM data |
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